Analogy and Cognition
Boicho Kokinov
New
This course discusses the place of analogy in human cognition: is it a specific cognitive process of reasoning or is it a very basic mechanism at the core of human cognition. It presents some of the most popular models of analogy-making as well as recently proposed integrated models of analogy and perception, analogy and memory. It will contrast various approaches and will present experimental material in support of the models.
Class 1. Examples of Analogy. Types of Analogy. Basic components of Analogy-Making.
Required readings:
Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B.
(2001). The Place of Analogy in Cognition. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B., eds. The
Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
Hofstadter, D.
(2001). Analogy as the Core of Cognition. In: Gentner,
D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B., eds.
The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B. – Analogy-Making: Psychological Data and Computational Models. In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 2, NBU Press, 1996
Kokinov, B., French, R. (2002). Computational Models of Analogy-Making. In: Lynn Nadel (ed.) Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan, Nature Publishing Group.
Oden, D., Thompson, R., Premack, D. (2001). Can an Ape
Reason Analogically? Comprehension and Production of
Analogical Problems by Sarah, a Chimpanzee.
In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science,
Goswami, U. (2001). Analogical Reasoning in Children.
In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science,
Class 2. Classical Models of Analogy-Making
· Structure-Mapping Theory
· Constraint-Satisfaction Theory
· ARCS and MAC/FAC
· CopyCat and TableTop: Mapping and Perception
· LISA: Distributed Representation Model of Retrieval and Mapping:
Required readings:
Gentner, D. (1983) Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy, Cognitive Science 7(2), pp. 155-170
Holyoak, K. & Thagard, P. (1989b) Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction. Cognitive Science, vol. 13, pp. 295-355
Hofstadter, D. & Mitchell, M. (1994) The Copycat Project: A Model of Mental Fluidity and Analogy-Making. In: Holyoak, Barnden — Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.1, Analogical Connections. Ablex
Hummel, J. & Holyoak, K. (1997). Distributed Representations of Structure: A Theory of Analogical access and Mapping. Psychological Review, 104 (3), 427-466.
Additional readings:
Gentner,
D. (1989) The Mechanisms of Analogical Learning. In: Vosniadou,
S., Ortony, A. (eds.) Similarity and Analogical
Reasoning,
Gentner, D. & Markman, A. (1997). Structure Mapping in Analogy and Similarity. American Psychologist, 52 (1), 45-56.
Forbus, K. (2001). Exploring Analogy in the Large. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B., eds. The
Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
Thagard, P., Holyoak, K., Nelson, G., Gochfeld, D. (1990). Analog Retrieval by Constraint Satisfaction. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, pp. 259-310.
Forbus K., Gentner D. & Law, K (1995). MAC/FAC: A Model of Similarity-Based Retrieval. Cognitive Science, 19, pp. 141-205.
Holyoak, K. & Koh, K. (1987) Surface and Structural Similarity in Analogical Transfer. Memory and Cognition, vol. 15(4), pp. 332-340
Chalmers, D., French, R., Hofstadter, D. (1992) High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy: A Critique of Artificial Intelligence Methodology. JETAI, vol. 4(3), reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.
French, R., Hofstadter, D. (1991) Tabletop: An Emergent, Stochastic Model of Analogy-Making. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Cognitive Science Conference, reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.
Hofstadter, D., French, R., (1992) Probing the Emergent Behavior of Tabletop. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Cognitive Science Conference, reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.
Holyoak,
K. & Hummel, J. (2001).
Toward an Understanding of Analogy within a Biological Symbol
System. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.,
Kokinov, B., eds. The Analogical Mind: Perspectives
from Cognitive Science.
Class 3. DUAL & AMBR1: An Context-Sensitive Model of Analogy-Making
Required readings:
Kokinov, B. (1994) A Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. In: Holyoak, Barnden — Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections. Ablex
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B. - The DUAL
Cognitive Architecture: A Hybrid Multi-Agent Approach. In: A. Cohn (ed.) Proceedings
of ECAI’94. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,
Kokinov, B. - The
Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the
16th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum,
Kokinov,
B., Grinberg, M. (2001). Simulating Context Effects in Problem Solving with AMBR. In: Akman, V., Thomason, R., Bouquet, P. (eds.) Modeling and Using Context. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence), vol. 2116,
Class 4. AMBR2: An Integrated and Interactionist Model of Mapping and Retrieval
Required readings:
Kokinov, B., Petrov,
A. (2001)
Integration of Memory and Reasoning in Analogy-Making: The AMBR Model. In:
Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science,
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B., Zareva-Toncheva, N. (2001). Episode Blending as Result of Analogical Problem Solving. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Kokinov, B. Petrov, A. (2000). Dynamic Extension of Episode Representation in Analogy-Making in AMBR. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Petrov, A., Kokinov, B. (1999). Processing Symbols at Variable Speed in DUAL: Connectionist Activation as Power Supply. In: Dean, T. (ed.) Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufman, p. 846-851
Kokinov, B. (1998). Analogy is like Cognition: Dynamic, Emergent, and Context-Sensitive. In: Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B. (eds.) – Advances in Analogy Research: Integration of Theory and Data from the Cognitive, Computational, and Neural Sciences. Sofia: NBU Press.
Petrov, A., Kokinov, B. (1998). Mapping and Access in Analogy-Making: Independent or Interactive? A Simulation Experiment with AMBR. In: Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B. (eds.) – Advances in Analogy Research: Integration of Theory and Data from the Cognitive, Computational, and Neural Sciences. Sofia: NBU Press.
Kokinov, B., Feldman, V., Petkov, G. (2009). Analogy-Making Automatically Produces False Memories in the Both Situations. In: Kokinov, B., Holyoak, K., Gentner, D. (eds.). New Frontiers in Analogy Research. Sofia: NBU Press.
Feldman. V., Kokinov, B. (2009). Analogical Episodes are More Likely to be Blended than Superficially Similar Ones. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Cognitive Science. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Petkov, G., Kokinov, B. (2009). Modeling Cued Recall and Memory Illusions as a Result of Structure Mapping. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference on Cognitive Science. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Class 5. AMBR3: An Embodied Model of Analogy
· Embodied Cognition Approach
· Relations Grounded in Actions
· Grounded Analogical Mapping
· the AIBO Robot Making Analogies
· Unconscious Analogies
· Emotions and Analogy
Required readings:
Vankov, I., Kokinov, B. (2009). Grounding Relations in Action. In: Kokinov, B., Holyoak, K., Gentner, D. (eds.). New Frontiers in Analogy Research. Sofia: NBU Press.
Vankov, I., Kokinov, B. (2010). The role of action in perceiving and comparing functional relations. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kokinov, B., Feldman, V., Vankov, I. (2009). Is Analogical Mapping Embodied? In: Kokinov, B., Holyoak, K., Gentner, D. (eds.). New Frontiers in Analogy Research. Sofia: NBU Press.
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B., Grinberg, M., Petkov, G., Kiryazov, K. (2008). Anticipation by Analogy. In: Giovanni Pezzulo, Martin V. Butz, Cristiano Castelfranchi, Rino Falcone (eds.) The Challenge of Anticipation. LNAI, vol. 5225, Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 189-218
Hristova, P.(2009) Unconscious Analogical Mapping? In N.A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 655-660). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
Hristova, P.(2009) Unintentional and Unconscious Analogies Between Superficially Dissimilar but Relatioanly Similar Simple Structures In B. Kokinov, K. Holyoak & D. Getner (Eds.), New Frontiers in Analogy Research (pp. 193-203). Sofia, Bulgaria: NBU Series in Cognitive Science.
Feldman, V., Kokinov, B. (2009). Anxiety Restricts the Analogical Search in an Analogy Generation Task. In: Kokinov, B., Holyoak, K., Gentner, D. (eds.). New Frontiers in Analogy Research. Sofia: NBU Press.
Hristova, P.(2009) People in Negative Mood May See Relations Where People in Positive Mood May Not In B. Kokinov, K. Holyoak & D. Getner (Eds.), New Frontiers in Analogy Research (pp. 204-210). Sofia, Bulgaria: NBU Series in Cognitive Science.
Feldman, V., Hristova, P., Kokinov, B. (2010). How Does Anxiety Influence Analogical Mapping? In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bliznashki, S., Kokinov, B. (2009). Analogical Transfer of Emotions. In: Kokinov, B., Holyoak, K., Gentner, D. (eds.). New Frontiers in Analogy Research. Sofia: NBU Press.
Kokinov, B., Vankov, I., Bliznashki, S. (2009). How Analogy Could Force Re-representation of the Target and Inhibition of the Alternative Interpretation. In: Kokinov, B., Holyoak, K., Gentner, D. (eds.). New Frontiers in Analogy Research. Sofia: NBU Press.
Kokinov, B., Bliznashki, S., Kosev, S., Hristova, P. (2007). Analogical Mapping and Perception: Can Mapping Cause a Re-Representation of the Target Stimulus? In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Seminars
During the seminars experimental and simulation work will be planed and discussed.
Assessment
Students will be assessed on the basis of their written paper (about 1500 words).
Boicho Kokinov has obtained his PhD from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He is currently an Associate Professor in Cognitive Science at the New Bulgarian University and the Director of its Center for Cognitive Science. His research interests include general cognitive architectures (author of the DUAL cognitive architecture), human thinking, including problem solving, decision-making, judgment, analogy-making as well as human memory, more specifically constructive approach to episodic memory, he is also interested in how context changes human thinking and memory. He has edited “The Analogical Mind”, “Constructive Memory”, “Cognitive Economics”, “Perspectives on Cognitive Science Series”.