Cognitive Neuroscience Investigation of Typical and Atypical Development


Bradley Schlaggar

Washington University at Saint Louis, USA

 

According to Johnson and Pennington, "One of the strong claims of developmental cognitive neuroscience is that a comprehensive understanding of mature cognition cannot be attained without understanding both the normal and abnormal development of the human brain. In other words, we cannot understand how the mature system works until we understand how it is constructed in development, as we cannot fully understand that process of normal construction without understanding how development may go awry."

The curriculum below will present examples of developmental cognitive neuroscience investigations into typical and atypical cognitive development.

 

 

Day 1 – Introduction to functional MRI and to issues in experimental design.

 

• Background Readings:

Raichle, M.E. , Mintun M.A. (2006). Brain Work and Brain Imaging. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience. 29:449-476.

 

 

Day 2 – Developmental plasticity: lessons from perinatal stroke.

 

• Background Readings:

Stiles, J., Reilly, J., Paul, B., Moses, P (2005) Cognitive development following early brain injury: evidence for neural adaptation. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience

Bates, E., Roe, K. (2001) Language Development in Children with Unilateral Brain Injury. In Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, MIT press, Nelson C & Luciana M, eds.

 

Day 3 – Typical and Atypical reading development.

 

• Background Reading:

McCandliss, B.D., Noble, K (2003) The development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 9:196-205

Schlaggar, B.L., McCandliss, B.D. (2007) Development of Neural Systems for Reading. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience. 30:475-503.

 

Day 4 – The development of task level control networks in Tourette Syndrome.

 

• Background Reading:

Fox, M.D., Raichle, M.E. (2007) Spontaneous Fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 8:700-711.

Raichle, M.E., et al (2001) A default mode of brain function. PNAS. 98:676-682.

Dosenbach, N.U.F., Fair, D.A., Cohen, A.L., Schlaggar, B.L., Petersen, S.E. (2008) A dual-networks architecture of top-down control. Trends in Cognitive Science. 12: 99-105.

Posner, M.I., Petersen, S.E. (1990) The Attention System of the Human Brain. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience. 13:25-42.

Swain, J.E. et al (2007) Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Decade of Progress. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 46:947-968.

Fair D.A., et al (2007) Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration. PNAS. 104:13507-13512.

 

Day 5 – The development of the default mode network.

 

• Background Reading:

Raichle, M.E., et al (2001) A default mode of brain function. PNAS. 98:676-682.

Fox, M.D., Raichle, M.E. (2007) Spontaneous Fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 8:700-711. Raichle, M.E., et al (2001) A default mode of brain function. PNAS. 98:676-682.

Grecius, M.D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A.L., Menon, V. (2003) Functional Connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. PNAS. 100:253-258.

Raichle, M.E., Snyder, A.Z. (2007) A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea. 37:1083-1090.

Fair, D.A. et al (2008) The maturing architecture of the brain's default network. PNAS. 105:4028-4032.




Assignments

Students who take the course for credit will be asked to write a brief (5-7 page) paper that critically reviews one or more of the articles read in class, or to comment on other work that is related to the issues discussed in the class.

Afternoon section meetings

Afternoon sessions will be used to generate a proposal for a developmental cognitive neuroscience experiment using fMRI. Students will work in small groups and will present their proposals orally for peer review.

 

 

Bradley L Schlaggar


Bradley L Schlaggar MD PhD is the A. Ernest and Jane G. Stein Professor of Developmental Neurology and is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Radiology, Anatomy & Neurobiology, & Pediatrics at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. He is a pediatric neurologist and developmental cognitive neuroscientist. He is the Director of the Pediatric Neurology Residency Training Program at St. Louis Children's Hospital.