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2004
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Course Description |
Human Analogy-Making
Boicho Kokinov
This course reviews psychological
data and computational models of human analogy-making. Analogy-making is considered
as the core of human cognition and it relation with perception and memory are
discussed. The course reviews various types of models: symbolic, connectionist,
and hybrid ones. The role of modeling is explored providing both examples of
how models explain existing data, and how they predict new possible facts.
Class 1:
The place of analogy in Human Cognition
·
mundane and extraordinal analogies
·
analogies in children, infants, and chims
·
defining analogy, types of analogies
·
stages in analogy-making
·
difficulties in making remote analogies
·
superficial and structural analogies
·
analogies in science and politics
Required
reading:
Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov,
B. (2001). The
Place of Analogy in Cognition. In: Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B. (eds.)
The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive
Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Optional
Reading:
Kokinov, B., French, R. (2002). Computational Models of Analogy-Making.
In: Lynn Nadel (ed.) Encyclopedia of
Cognitive Science. London: Macmillan, Nature Publishing Group, pp. 113-118
Hofstadter, D. (2001).
Analogy as the Core of Cognition. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B.,
eds. The Analogical Mind: Perspectives
from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kokinov, B. (1996). Analogy-Making: Psychological Data
and Computational Models. In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 2, NBU Press.
Class 2:
Classical Models of Analogy-Making
·
Structure-Mapping Theory and ACME – a symbolic model of analogical mapping
·
Multiple Constraint Theory and ACME – a localist
connectionist model of analogical mapping
·
ARCS – a localist connectionist model of analogical retrieva
·
MAC/FAC - a symbolic model of analogical retrieval
Required
reading:
Gentner, D. (1983) Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical
Framework for Analogy. Cognitive Science
7(2), pp. 155-170
Holyoak, K. & Thagard, P. (1989). Analogical Mapping by Constraint
Satisfaction. Cognitive Science, vol.
13, pp. 295-355
Optional
Reading:
Thagard,
P., Holyoak, K., Nelson, G., Gochfeld, D. (1990). Analog Retrieval by Constraint Satisfaction.
Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, pp.
259-310.
Forbus K.,
Gentner D. & Law, K (1995). MAC/FAC:
A model of Similarity-Based Retrieval. Cognitive
Science, 19, pp. 141-205.
Class 3:
Integrated Hybrid Models
·
CopyCat – Integrating Analogy and Perception,
·
LISA – Integrating Analogical Mapping and Memory Access.
Required
reading:
Hofstadter, D. & Mitchell, M. (1994) The Copycat Project: A Model of Mental
Fluidity and Analogy-Making. In: Holyoak, Barnden — Advances in
Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections.
Ablex
Hummel, J. & Holyoak, K. (1997). Distributed Representations of Structure: A
Theory of Analogical access and Mapping. Psychological Review, 104 (3), 427-466.
Class 4: AMBR1:
A Context-Sensitive model of analogy-making
·
priming experiments
·
DUAL architecture
·
DUAL-based AMBR1 model
·
predictions
·
context effects experiments
Required
reading:
Optional
Reading:
Kokinov, B.
(1994). The Context-Sensitive Cognitive
Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the
Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Kokinov, B., Yoveva, M. (1996). Context Effects on Problem Solving. In:
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Kokinov, B., Hadjiilieva, K.,
Yoveva, M. (1997). Explicit
vs. Imlicit Hint: Which One is More Useful? In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science. Vol. 3. NBU Press, Sofia.
Kokinov, B., Grinberg, M. (2001). Simulating Context Effects in Problem
Solving with AMBR. In: Akman, V., Thomason, R., Bouquet, P. (eds.) Modeling and
Using Context. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial
Intelligence), vol. 1775, Springer Verlag.
Class 5:
AMBR2: Integrating Memory and Reasoning in Analogy-Making
·
memory distortions and the constructive approach towards
human memory
·
distributed representation of episodes in AMBR2
·
blending of episodes simulations and predictions
·
experimental confirmation
Required
reading:
Kokinov, B., Petrov, A. (2001). Integration of Memory and
Reasoning in Analogy-Making: The AMBR Model. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.,
Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science,
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Optional
Reading:
Grinberg, M., Kokinov,
B. (2003). Simulation
of Episode Blending in the AMBR Model. In: Proceedings of the 4th European
Cognitive Science Conference. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Zareva, N., Kokinov,
B. (2003). Blending
of Non-Similar Episodes as a Result of Analogical Mapping with a Third One. In:
Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference
of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Kokinov, B., Zareva-Toncheva, N. (2001). Episode Blending as Result of
Analogical Problem Solving. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of
the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Small
groups
Discussions and project work
Assessment
Students who wish to get credits
for this course have to complete a project of designing an experiment on or a
simulation of analogy-making.
Boicho
Kokinov
Boicho Kokinov got his Bachelor
and Master degrees at the University of Sofia, and his PhD at the Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences. His main research interests are in human analogy-making,
and human thinking in general as well as human long-term memory for episodes
and its distortions. He is also studying the context-sensitive nature of human
cognition and performing experiments on priming and context effects. He is also
working on a general cognitive architecture of human cognition called DUAL, and
models of analogy-making (AMBR1 and AMBR2) and judgment (JUDGEMAP). He is
co-director of the Central and East European Center for Cognitive Science at
the New Bulgarian University.