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Course Description |
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COGÌ
109 Analogy
1. Aims
- to study a
highly interesting phenomenon which seems to be in the core of human cognition
and to bring students to the cutting edge research in the field; this
particular field is far from becoming rigid and dogmatic, there are more open
questions than answers, there are alternative models and a lot of controversial
opinions.
- to present an
in-depth example of modelling a particular cognitive process, starting with
psychological data, proceeding with developing theoretical and computer models,
performing simulation and psychological experiments for validation of the
models
- to present examples of symbolic, connectionist, and hybrid
models
- to develop
skills in reading scientific papers, writing commentaries on them, giving
presentations at seminars, planing experiments and
simulations which would test the models and theories.
On completion of
the course students should be able to:
- demonstrate
familiarity with various models of analogy as well as with the central concepts
and ideas in analogy modelling
- debate and
discuss theoretical issues and concepts as well as evaluate the psychological
validity of models
- demonstrate a detailed
and critical understanding of research papers — both theoretical and
experimental, identify and explain significant developments and contradictions
- present arguments and evidence coherently in verbal and
written form
- critically
evaluate particular models of analogy
- plan experiments
and simulations which would test particular models and theories
Guided reading, tutor-led and student-led group
discussions, essay writing, experimental design proposal writing, Web-based
discussion forum.
A one semester (15 weeks) course with 2 hours seminars
and 1 hour preparatory work.
Kokinov,
B., French, R. (in press). Computational Models of
Analogy-Making. In: Lynn Nadel (ed.) Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan, Nature
Publishing Group.
Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B., eds. (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B., eds., (1998). Advances in Analogy
Research: Integration of Theory and Data from the Cognitive, Computational, and
Neural Sciences. Sofia: NBU Press,
Holyoak, Thagard, P. – Mental Leaps. MIT Press, 1995
Hofstadter,
D. — Fluid Concepts and Creative
Analogies.
Basic Books, NY, 1995
Holyoak, Barnden — Advances in Connectionist and Neural
Computation Theory,
vol. 2 and vol. 3. Analogical Connections, Ablex,
1994
Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. (eds.) Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, New
York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989
Goswami, U. (1992) Analogical Reasoning in Children. Erlbaum, Hilsdale.
Holland, J., Holyoak, K., Nisbett, R., Thagard, P. R. (1986) Induction,
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Mitchell, M.
(1994) Analogy as Perception, MIT
Press, 1994
French, R. Tabletop: An Emergent, Stochastic Computer
Model of Analogy-Making. MIT Press, 1995
Keane,
M. (1988) Analogical Problem Solving. Chichester: Ellis Horwood
Limited
Helman — Analogical
Reasoning.
Kluwer, 1988
Prieditis A. (ed.) Analogica, London: Pitman, 1988
Halford, G. (1993) Children’s
Understanding: The Development of Mental Models.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
The course is
divided into the following sections:
* the analogy phenomenon — types and components of analogy
* models of
analogy components— discussing
various classical models of mapping and retrieval and related psychological
experiments
* psychological experiments— experiments on types of similarity, priming and
context effects
* integrated
models of analogy— discussing
various models of analogy-making and related psychological experiments
* analogy-making
in the real world— discussing
the role analogy plays in animals, children, scientists, politicians,
journalists
* concluding discussions — comparative analysis of the models, what is missing
in analogy models?
The Analogy Phenomenon
Class
1. Examples of
Analogy. Types of Analogy. Basic
components of Analogy-Making.
Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov,
B. (2001). The Place of
Analogy in Cognition. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B., eds. The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from
Cognitive Science. Cambridge,
MA: MIT
Press.
Hofstadter, D. (2001).
Analogy as the Core of Cognition. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.,
Kokinov, B., eds. The
Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B. – Analogy-Making: Psychological Data and Computational
Models. In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 2, NBU Press, 1996
Kokinov, B., French, R. (in press). Computational Models of
Analogy-Making. In: Lynn Nadel (ed.) Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan, Nature
Publishing Group.
Hall, R. (1989) Computational
Approaches to Analogical Reasoning: A Comparative Analysis, AI, vol. 39, pp. 39-120
Holyoak,
K., Thagard, P. – Mental
Leaps. MIT Press, 1995, Chapters 6-9
Clement, J. (1988) Observed Methods for Generating
Analogies in Scientific Problem Solving. Cognitive
Science, vol. 12, pp. 563-586
Models of Analogy
Components
Class
2. Mapping: Structure-Mapping
Theory Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Gentner,
D. (1983)
Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy, Cognitive
Science 7(2), pp. 155-170
Gentner,
D. (1989) The Mechanisms of
Analogical Learning. In: Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. (eds.) Similarity and Analogical Reasoning,
Additional readings:
Forbus, K. (2001). Exploring Analogy in the Large. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.,
Kokinov, B., eds. The Analogical Mind:
Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
Falkenhainer,
B., Forbus, K., Gentner, D.
(1986) The Structure Mapping Engine,
AAAI-86,
Gentner, D. & Markman, A. (1997). Structure Mapping in Analogy and Similarity. American Psychologist, 52 (1), 45-56.
Clement,
C., Gentner, D. (1991). Systematicity
as a Selection Constraint in Analogical Mapping. Cognitive Science, 15, pp. 89-132
Class
3. Mapping:
Constraint-Satisfaction
Theory Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Holyoak, K. & Thagard, P.
(1989b) Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction. Cognitive
Science, vol. 13, pp. 295-355
Additional readings:
Holyoak,
Thagard, P. – Mental
Leaps. MIT Press, 1995 Chapters 2 and 10
Class
4. Mapping: Incremental Analogy
Machine Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Keane, M. (1994). Constraints on
Analogical Mapping: A Comparison of Three Models. Cognitive Science, 18, pp. 387-438
Additional readings:
Keane, M. (1988) Analogical Problem Solving.
Class
5. Retrieval: ARCS and
MAC/FAC Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Thagard, P., Holyoak, K., Nelson,
G., Gochfeld, D. (1990). Analog Retrieval by Constraint Satisfaction. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, pp. 259-310.
Forbus K., Gentner D. & Law, K
(1995). MAC/FAC: A Model of Similarity-Based Retrieval. Cognitive Science, 19, pp. 141-205.
Additional readings:
Gick,
M. & Holyoak, K. (1980), Analogical
Problem Solving,
Cognitive Psychology 12(3), pp.
306-356
Wharton, C., Holyoak, K., Lange, T. (1996). Remote Analogical Reminding. Memory & Cognition, 24 (5), 629-643.
Gentner, D. & Landers, R. (1985). Analogical Reminding: A
Good Match is Hard to Find. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on
Systems, Man, and Cybernetics,
Psychological
Experiments
Class
6. Structural and Surface Similarity in Mapping
and Retrieval Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Holyoak, K. & Koh, K. (1987) Surface and Structural
Similarity in Analogical Transfer. Memory and
Cognition, vol. 15(4), pp. 332-340
Ross,
B. (1987). This is Like That: The Use of
Earlier Problems and the Separation of Similarity Effects. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13 (4), 629-639.
Ross,
B. (1989). Distinguishing Types of Superficial Similarities:
Different Effects on the Access and Use of Earlier Problems. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15 (3), 456-468.
Additional readings:
Class
7. Priming and Context Effects
on Retrieval and
Mapping Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Kokinov, B. (1990) Associative Memory-Based Reasoning: Some Experimental
Results.
Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Conference,
Kokinov, B., Yoveva, M. – Context Effects on Problem Solving. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of
the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum,
Kokinov, B., Hadjiilieva,
K., Yoveva, M. – Explicit
vs. Implicit Hint: Which one is more Useful?. In: Kokinov, B. (ed.) – Perspectives on Cognitive Science. Vol. 3. NBU Press,
Schunn, C., Dunbar, K. (1996).
Priming, Analogy, and Awareness in Complex Reasoning.
Memory and Cognition, vol. 24(3), pp. 271-284
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B.
(1999). Dynamics and Automaticity of
Context: A Cognitive Modelling Approach. In:
Bouquet, P., Serafini, L., Brezillon,
P., Benerecetti, M., Castellani,
F. (eds.) Modeling and Using Context. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture
Notes in Artificial Intelligence), vol. 1688, Springer Verlag.
Kokinov, B. – A Dynamic Theory of Implicit Context. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference
on Cognitive Science.
Kokinov, B. – A Dynamic
Approach to Context Modeling. In:
P. Brezillon & S. Abu-Hakima
(eds.) Proceedings of the IJCAI-95
Workshop on Modeling Context in Knowledge
Representation and Reasoning. LAFORIA 95/11, 1995.
Spencer, R., Weisberg, R. (1986). Context-Dependent
Effects on Analogical Transfer.
Memory and Cognition, vol. 14(5), pp. 442-449
Catrambone, R., Holyoak, K. (1989). Overcoming
Contextual Limitations on Problem-Solving Transfer. JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 15(6), pp.
1147-1156
Adams, L., Kasserman, J., Yearwood, A., Perfetto, G., Bransford, J., Franks, J. (1988). Memory Access: The effects of Fact-Oriented versus
Problem-Oriented Acquisition. Memory and Cognition,
16(2), pp. 167-175
Reeves, L., Weisberg, R. (1994). The Role of
Content and Abstract Information in Analogical Transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), pp. 381-400
Ross, B., Ryan, W., Tenpenny,
P. (1989). The Access of
Relevant Information for Solving Problems. Memory and Cognition, 17(5), pp. 639-651
Integrated Models of
Analogy
Class
8. DUAL & AMBR1: An Context-Sensitive
Model of
Analogy-Making Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Kokinov, B. (1994) A
Hybrid Model of Reasoning by Analogy. In: Holyoak, Barnden — Advances in
Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.2, Analogical Connections.
Ablex
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B. - The
DUAL Cognitive Architecture: A Hybrid Multi-Agent Approach. In:
A. Cohn (ed.) Proceedings of ECAI’94.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,
Kokinov, B. - The Context-Sensitive Cognitive Architecture DUAL. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of
the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum,
Kokinov, B., Grinberg, M. (2001). Simulating Context Effects in Problem Solving with AMBR. In: Akman, V., Thomason,
R., Bouquet, P. (eds.) Modeling and Using Context. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture
Notes in Artificial Intelligence), vol. 2116,
Class
9. AMBR2: An Integrated and Interactionist Model of
Mapping and
Retrieval Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Kokinov, B., Petrschemaov, A. (2001) Integration of Memory and Reasoning in
Analogy-Making: The AMBR Model. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind:
Perspectives from Cognitive Science,
Additional readings:
Kokinov, B., Zareva-Toncheva, N. (2001). Episode Blending as Result of Analogical Problem Solving. In: Proceedings
of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum,
Kokinov, B. Petrov, A. (2000). Dynamic Extension of Episode Representation in
Analogy-Making in AMBR. In: Proceedings
of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum,
Petrov, A., Kokinov, B. (1999). Processing
Symbols at Variable Speed in DUAL: Connectionist Activation as Power Supply. In:
Dean, T. (ed.) Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Conference on
Artificial Intelligence.
Kokinov, B.
(1998). Analogy is like Cognition: Dynamic, Emergent, and
Context-Sensitive. In: Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B. (eds.) – Advances in Analogy
Research: Integration of Theory and Data from the Cognitive, Computational, and
Neural Sciences.
Petrov, A., Kokinov, B. (1998).
Mapping and Access in Analogy-Making: Independent or Interactive? A Simulation
Experiment with AMBR. In: Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B. (eds.) – Advances in Analogy
Research: Integration of Theory and Data from the Cognitive, Computational, and
Neural Sciences.
Class
10. CopyCat and TableTop:
Integrated and Interactive Models of Mapping and
Perception Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Hofstadter, D. & Mitchell, M.
(1994) The
Copycat Project: A Model of Mental Fluidity and Analogy-Making. In: Holyoak, Barnden — Advances in
Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory, vol.1, Analogical Connections.
Ablex
Additional readings:
Chalmers, D., French, R., Hofstadter, D. (1992) High-Level
Perception, Representation, and Analogy: A Critique of Artificial Intelligence
Methodology.
JETAI, vol. 4(3), reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive
Science, vol. 1, NBU Press.
French, R., Hofstadter, D. (1991) Tabletop: An Emergent, Stochastic Model of
Analogy-Making. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Cognitive Science Conference,
reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol. 1, NBU
Press.
Hofstadter, D., French, R., (1992) Probing the
Emergent Behavior of Tabletop. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Cognitive Science
Conference, reprinted in: Kokinov (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science, vol.
1, NBU Press.
Class
11. Distributed Representation Model of Retrieval and Mapping: LISA Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Hummel,
J. & Holyoak, K. (1997). Distributed Representations of Structure: A
Theory of Analogical access and Mapping. Psychological Review, 104 (3), 427-466.
Additional readings:
Holyoak, K. & Hummel, J. (2001). Toward an Understanding of Analogy within a
Biological Symbol System. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B., eds. The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Analogy-Making in the
Real World
Class
12. Analogical Reasoning in Chimpansees and Other
Animals Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Oden, D., Thompson, R., Premack,
D. (2001). Can an Ape Reason Analogically? Comprehension and
Production of Analogical Problems by Sarah, a Chimpanzee. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.,
Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Additional reading:
Thompson,
R., Oden, D. (1998). Why Monkeys and Pigeons, Unlike Certain Apes, Cannot
Reason Analogically? In: Holyoak, K., Gentner, D., Kokinov, B., eds., (1998). Advances in Analogy
Research: Integration of Theory and Data from the Cognitive, Computational, and
Neural Sciences. Sofia: NBU Press
Gillan, D., Premack, D., Woodruff, G. (1981). Reasoning in Chimpanzee: I. Analogical Reasoning. JEP: Animal Behavior Processes, 7 (1), 1-17.
Class
13. Analogical Reasoning in Infants and
Children Discussion Forum
Required readings:
Goswami, U. (2001).
Analogical Reasoning in Children. In: Gentner, D., Holyoak, K., Kokinov, B. (eds.) The Analogical Mind:
Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Additional reading:
Goswami,
U. (1992).
Analogical Reasoning: What Develops?
Holyoak, K., Thagard, P. – Mental Leaps. MIT Press, 1995, Chapters 3 and 4
Goswami, U. (1992) Analogical Reasoning in Children. Erlbaum, Hilsdale. Chapters
1-3, 5, 6
Halford,
G. (1993) Children’s Understanding: The
Development of Mental Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Chapter: Analogy
Gentner, D. & Toupin, C.
(1986). Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the
Development of Analogy, Cognitive Science 10, pp. 277-300.
Class
14. Analogy-Making in Naturalistic
Settings Discussion Forum
Class 15. Concluding
discussion: Comparative analysis of the models, models’ validity, scaling up,
limitations. Open Issues.
Presentations and
discussions of the final papers.
Students will be
assessed on the basis of their written short papers (tickets for each class) as
well as on their participation in the group discussions and final paper.
Grading
procedure:
30% on short
papers
30% on participation
in group discussions
40% final paper